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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate numerous biological processes and have important molecular roles in normal physiology, development and disease processes such as cancer and obesity. They regulate multiple pathways, including insulin signaling, immune-mediated inflammation, adipokine expression, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and food intake regulation. miRNAs are found in various biofluids, including blood, urine, plasma and saliva. Specific miRNA expression patterns can be related to pathological conditions and normal biological processes. Unlike most RNAs, miRNAs are highly stable, which makes them suitable for use as biomarkers. High-throughput profiles of multiple miRNAs have recently been shown to discriminate between pathological and normal conditions, in contrast to single miRNA biomarkers. miRNAs may also be used as future disease therapies as FDA-approved miRNA drugs are now entering the market.